Stephen Lennon is the best-known far-right extremist in Britain.

Having founded and run several well-known anti-Muslim street movements, he has rebranded himself a far-right “journalist” but is able to attract tens of thousands of people to his demonstrations.

The English Defence League 

Lennon burst onto the far-right scene with the launch of the English Defence League (EDL) in the summer of 2009 following the amalgamation of a number of smaller anti-Muslim street groups, including United People of Luton (UPL) and the British Citizens Against Muslim Extremists (also founded in 2009). The UPL was set up by local football hooligans in response to an al-Muhajiroun demonstration against the homecoming parade of the Royal Anglian Regiment. The leaders of the UPL, including Lennon, were invited to London and, during a meeting with the funder Alan Ayling and his friends, the idea of a national organisation emerged.

The EDL quickly grew, garnering headlines for its often-violent demonstrations in towns and cities with visible Muslim communities. By July 2010, it had formalised into a proper network with regional divisions headed by organisers. The group also launched faith-based Defence Leagues under the Jewish, Hindu and Sikh banners and a tiny LGBT division. Unsurprisingly, the demonstrations attracted activists from across the far right.

The EDL also developed an international strategy and networks, establishing links with like-minded “counter-jihad” organisations in mainland Europe and North America, including neo-conservative organisations and the anti-Islam wing of the Tea Party movement in the United States. For a period, it was a prominent player on the international counter-jihad scene, lauded by supporters around the world. There was also a semi-formal network of international Defence Leagues, though most were stillborn or failed to have any real impact.

However, the EDL’s success was short-lived and the movement peaked during a demonstration in Luton in February 2011 that attracted 3,000 people. Following this highpoint, the movement went into a slow and uneven decline. The repetitiveness of the demonstrations, the leadership’s crackdown on violence, hooliganism and alcohol as well as the police denying access to town centres and moving demonstrations to isolated periphery sites, reduced the excitement of events. What followed was a downward spiral as ever smaller demonstrations increased internal tensions and infighting, seeing many EDL activists break away to form their own groups or quit the movement entirely.

The murder of off-duty soldier Lee Rigby in Woolwich in May 2013 provided a brief pause in the EDL’s downward trajectory, but despite its best efforts to capitalise on the tragedy, the group achieved little more than the swelling of social media numbers and a few larger demonstrations. The final blow came in October 2013, when Lennon and his cousin and deputy Kevin Carroll stood down as leaders.

Return to the Streets  

After several less active years, Lennon returned to street activism in 2015 with the launch of Pegida UK, a British branch of the group founded in Dresden, Germany. The group initially launched in Newcastle in 2015 and then relaunched in Birmingham on 6 February 2016. Fewer than 200 people made the journey to the Midlands, with the demonstrators outnumbered by police. The march started in the car park of the Birmingham International train station and crawled along empty roads before finishing at an industrial estate. Much of Lennon’s audience that day were former EDL activists.

The group soon collapsed, convincing Lennon that he needed to pursue activism with other tactics. In early 2017, he became involved with the Canadian far-right website Rebel News. It was during this period that he started to identify as a “journalist”.

His reporting landed him in trouble when in May 2018, he was arrested for livestreaming outside a court case at Leeds Crown Court. He was found in contempt of court and sentenced to prison. This was by no means his first stint in prison, having been found guilty of assault in 2005, for entering the US on false travel documents in 2012 and for mortgage fraud in 2014.

His initial imprisonment in 2018 spawned the “Free Tommy” movement. That year there were a series of demonstrations that were at least double the size of any EDL demonstration, with the “Free Tommy” demonstration in June attracting around 15,000 people. While ostensibly about Lennon’s imprisonment, the narrative advanced by his own supporters was very much that he had been incarcerated for “telling the truth” about Islam and Muslims.

Lennon has also flirted with UKIP during this time, establishing links to then-leader Gerard Batten, who had taken the party in an increasingly anti-Muslim direction. Lennon was appointed to an official position by Batten, a fact that caused much rancour within UKIP.

Despite the demonstrations, it was a tough period for Lennon who was removed from major social media platforms, faced a humiliating defeat as a European election candidate and endless legal woes.

Bankruptcy 

In October 2018, Lennon produced a video accusing a young refugee, Jamal Hijazi, of being a violent school bully. This came shortly after footage went viral of Jamal being pinned to the ground and having water poured over him. Jamal vehemently denied the allegation and instructed lawyers to begin legal action against Lennon. In April 2019, papers were served.

Lennon doubled down and continued to make false allegations against Jamal. His legal team urged him to settle, but Lennon refused their advice, sacked them and publicly announced that he would stand by his original claims but also stated that he had no intention of paying Jamal a penny if he lost.

With legal costs mounting and a strong likelihood that he would lose the case, Lennon set in motion a plan to avoid paying up. On 3 February 2021, he and his wife divorced. A month later, and just six weeks before the case was due to be held in the High Court, he declared himself bankrupt. As predicted, Lennon lost the case and the judge ordered him to pay Jamal £100,000 in damages and all reasonable legal costs.

This wasn’t Lennon’s only legal trouble in 2021. In October, he was given a five-year stalking protection order, after he went to the property of a journalist from The Independent that January. Lennon was attempting to stop the publication of an article outlining damaging revelations about his misuse of donations from far-right supporters, but failed and the article was released in March. During the trial it emerged that Lennon hired an investigator to unearth private information on the journalist and had spread unsubstantiated claims about her partner.

‘The Rape of Britain’ 

In January 2022, Lennon released the first in a series of documentaries about the issue of on-street grooming in Telford. The film told the harrowing story of one young woman who had been sexually abused by several men. As well as naming those men, Lennon also accused the now-retired police officer in charge of the overall grooming investigation in the town of corruption and colluding with the groomers to ensure they were not brought to justice.

He organised his first demonstration in some years with a screening outside Telford police station, which attracted roughly 1,500 people. Over the year he released four documentaries about the issue via Urban Scoop. He also staged three demonstrations in the town centre, screening his films in January, May and September. Lennon was bitterly disappointed with the performance of the documentaries, which resulted in little traction beyond the confines of the far right. The demonstrations were also poorly attended, with the May and September events attracting just 3-400 people. This failed campaign highlighted Lennon’s decline from the days when he could attract thousands to the streets, and demonstrates the damage that his deplatforming from mainstream social media platforms had on his reach and impact.

In April, Lennon joined the anti-Muslim For Britain party and called on his sizeable email list to join and “build a political force”. However, his promise to tour the country to drum up support never materialised, and the move proved controversial among sections of its membership. As such, Lennon remained an independent activist for the rest of the year.

Silenced and the Injunction

2023 was another difficult year for Lennon. When he lost his case against Jamal Hijazi, the court also placed an injunction on him which prohibited him from publishing a long-trailed, self-produced documentary about the case called Silenced. He was categorically told that if repeated his libellous claims about a Syrian refugee schoolboy he could face prison.

For the next two years, Lennon became increasingly furious that he had so publicly lost the case. However, in May 2023 the pressure became too much and he released the film before moving to Spain.

Not content with repeating his libellous claims piecemeal on various podcasts, Lennon had long been exploring ways to release the whole film in a way that he hoped might look like an accident. On 1 April, a new MICE Media version of Silenced was premiered by Lennon in Copenhagen at a meeting in the Danish Parliament, hosted by the Danish People’s Party and The Free Press Society.

The Copenhagen screening may have been the film’s world premiere, but there was still a lot to do before it could be released on the internet. At some point, Lennon and Bryn Davis from MICE Media agreed to meet in person to finalise arrangements.

In keeping with Lennon’s lavish lifestyle, it seems they agreed to meet in the Bahamas. A HOPE not hate investigation worked out that Lennon had travelled to the island via Havana. While in Cuba, Lennon filmed a new clip for Silenced while sitting outside the 4* hotel in which he begged supporters for money. From Cuba, Lennon made his way to Freeport, the main city on Grand Bahama, the closest island to Florida.

After the gathering in the Bahamas, things moved fast. On 21 May, MICE Media announced it would release the film in four days. Just 25 minutes later, at 1:58am, Urban Scoop, the media company Lennon works for, sent out an email to its supporters responding to the tweet. The email claimed, “it’s not me publishing it,” and that, “I do not support the release of the film. […] I have said openly and publicly that I did not want this documentary to be made public, in line with the injunction laid down by the courts. Even if I do not agree with the court order, I do respect the law.” His explanation was that “it has been circulating among journalists since its creation”.

As HOPE not hate has shown, these claims were absurd. Lennon was intricately involved in collaborating with MICE Media to release his libellous film. Despite making these claims, Lennon eagerly set about promoting the film’s release on his various social media platforms. Another Urban Scoop email explained that, “When it can be accessed, we will let our supporters know where they can watch and share it.”

Since the film’s release, Lennon has appeared on numerous podcasts and been interviewed by a number of media outlets. While he has repeatedly claimed to have no knowledge of, or involvement in, the film’s release, he has praised the airing of it and repeated his libellous claims about Hijazi.

Aware of the possibility of his arrest for contempt of court, Lennon spent long periods hiding in a luxury mansion in south-eastern Spain worth over £1.3 million. He flew over a series of friends and fellow far-right activists to keep him company during his self-imposed exile. He also launched a new podcast series that has failed to gain any real traction.

HOPE not hate launched a campaign to get justice and we submitted an extensive dossier to the Attorney General, calling on them to bring contempt of court proceedings against Lennon for his blatant breach of the injunction. Following our submission, in November 2023, the Attorney General notified Lennon that he faced prosecution and could face up to two years in prison.

2024: A Year of Mixed Fortunes

With Silenced now released, Lennon faced an uncertain 2024. What followed was a year that saw his biggest ever demonstrations but also ended with him behind bars.

In June, he organised his largest demonstration since 2018 in central London. Organised as a means to screen his new documentary, Lawfare, about so-called “two-tier policing” and Britain’s supposed slide into totalitarianism, roughly 6,000 people attended.

The event drew significant numbers from the football hooligan world, with firms travelling to London from across the country in numbers not seen since the Football Lads Alliance demonstrations of 2018.

The following month, Lennon held another even larger demonstration, again in London, with most estimates placing attendance between 20-30,000 people. At times there were also over 500,000 people watching Lennon’s livestream online.

While marching, Lennon thanked Elon Musk on the livestream for returning his account on X. Since getting his account back, Lennon has amassed 1.2 million followers and now reaches vast audiences with his content.

Remarkably, just 48 hours before he was due in court to face a hearing related to the contempt of court proceedings, he decided to broadcast the whole of Silenced to the massed crowds on vast screens in Trafalgar Square. “Now you can take me to court,” he screamed from the stage.

Clearly aware that the evidence against him was too strong, he sought to take control of the situation and save face with his supporters. The days of pretending it was leaked without his knowledge were over.

Lennon made things even worse for himself when he failed to appear at the court hearing, instead fleeing the country. Unsurprisingly, in light of the screening the Attorney General’s office launched a second serious legal action for contempt of court.

Lennon Finally Faces Justice

On Friday 25 October, Lennon handed himself in at Folkestone police station. He was charged and bailed under Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000, having failed to provide the pin to his mobile phone. However, while at the station Lennon was remanded in custody ahead of a separate contempt of court case, which took place today at Woolwich Crown Court.

Despite his absence, Lennon’s long-planned “Unite The Kingdom” rally still took place in central London a few days before, having been rearranged from the original 12 November date. Attracting roughly 15-20,000 people, the event was significantly smaller than Lennon’s last event in July.

Then on 28 October, Lennon admitted committing contempt of court by repeating the false allegations against Jamal. Lennon received an 18-month custodial sentence, with the judge stating that the breaches of the injunction were not “accidental, negligent or merely reckless” and the custodial threshold was “amply crossed”.

The power of Lennon’s divisive rhetoric was tragically revealed during the summer riots, the worst outbreak of far-right violence in the postwar period. As racists smashed up town centres, attacked mosques and threatened asylum seekers, his name was chanted in city after city. While he sought to distance himself from the violence, his years of activism laid the groundwork and his inflammatory social media posts following the Southport stabbing helped mobilise people onto the streets.

Despite being in prison, his profile was further raised in early 2025 when Elon Musk took up his cause with a string of supportive tweets. “Why is Tommy Robinson in a solitary confinement prison for telling the truth? He should be freed and those who covered up this travesty should take his place in that cell,” tweeted Musk as part of a weekslong flurry of statements about UK politics.

Lennon will not be back on the streets until the summer of 2025, but his supporters have events planned calling for his freedom and a major demonstration is already being organised to mark his release.

With the backing of Musk and rafts of media coverage over the last year he will emerge from prison with a higher profile. He remains a divisive figure and we can expect to see him hit the streets in the second half of the year.